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Gaston, Duke of Orléans
Gaston, Duke of Orléans (25 April 1608 – 2 February 1660), was the third son of King Henry IV of France and his wife Marie de Medici. As a son of the king, he was born a ''Fils de France''. He later acquired the title Duke of Orléans, by which he was generally known during his adulthood. As the eldest surviving brother of King Louis XIII, he was known at court by the traditional honorific Monsieur.
==Early life==
Gaston Jean Baptiste was born at the Palace of Fontainebleau on 25 April 1608 and at birth was given the title of Duke of Anjou. In 1626, at the time of his marriage to the young Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, he received in appanage (with their respective titles) the duchies of Orléans〔Moote, A. Lloyd (1991) ''Louis XIII, The Just'' p 192. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06485-2〕 and Chartres, and the county of Blois.〔Pitts, Vincent Joseph (2000) ''La Grande Mademoiselle at the Court of France: 1627-1693'' JHU Press p. 3, ISBN 0-8018-6466-6〕 He had nominal command of the army which besieged La Rochelle in 1628,〔Patmore, Katherine, ''The Court of Louis XIII'', Methuen & Co, 1909, p. 144.〕〔Chisolm, Hugh, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Published 1911, p. 284.〕 having already entered upon a course of political intrigue that would occupy the remainder of his life. He was the heir presumptive to the throne of France from the death of his brother Nicolas Henri in 1611 until the birth of his elder brother's first son in 1638.
On two occasions, he had to leave France for conspiring against the government of his mother and her Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu. After waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc leading to the Battle of Castelnaudary in 1632, he took refuge in Flanders. Reconciled with his brother Louis XIII, he plotted against Richelieu in 1635, fled from the country again, and then submitted to the King and the Cardinal.
Soon afterwards, the same process repeated itself. Orléans conspired with the marquis de Cinq-Mars to attempt Richelieu's assassination, and then deserted his unfortunate accomplice (1642). In 1643, upon the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France. He was created duc d'Alençon in 1646. During the wars of the Fronde (1648–1653), he demonstrated no particular loyalty to the crown and passed with great facility from one side to the other.
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